BitterBulb

Estate Agent Covent Garden

2006-10-25T22:50:00.000-07:00

Robert Irving Burns specialise in London Commercial and Residential property services. They are an estate agent covent garden amongst other London areas such as Soho and Oxford Circus.

Buddhism, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity

2005-03-30T16:29:00.000-08:00

As Mahayana developed,

Cambridge

2005-03-29T08:09:00.000-08:00

City, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., situated on the north bank of the Charles River, partly opposite Boston. Originally settled as New Towne in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, it was organized as a town in 1636 when it became the site of Harvard College (now an undergraduate school of Harvard University). The town was renamed for Cambridge, England, in 1638 and became

Korfball

2005-03-28T03:37:00.000-08:00

Game similar to netball and basketball, invented in 1901 by an Amsterdam schoolmaster, Nico Broekhuysen. It was first demonstrated in The Netherlands in 1902 and was played on an international level, primarily in Europe, by the 1970s. It was devised as a game for both sexes. A national association was formed in 1903, and the game spread to Belgium, Indonesia, Suriname, Germany, Spain, New Guinea,

Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways

2005-03-27T04:31:00.000-08:00

Canals must frequently cross over or under roads and railways, rivers, and other canals. These crossings are made by a variety of bridges, sometimes carrying the road or railroad, sometimes carrying the canal. Most are fixed, though movable bridges are also used. On the Weaver River in England, four movable bridges, carrying main roads across the waterway, swing on

Torbernite

2005-03-26T23:25:00.000-08:00

Hydrated copper uranate phosphate mineral, Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2×8–12H2O, that is one of the principal uranium-bearing minerals. Usually associated with autunite, it occurs as green crystals or micalike masses that are weathering products of uraninite. Torbernite is abundant in Cornwall, Eng., and in Katanga province, Congo (Kinshasa). For detailed physical properties, see phosphate

Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways

2005-03-25T06:37:00.000-08:00

Voluntary fellowship of alcoholic persons who seek to get sober and remain sober through self-help and the help of other recovered alcoholics. Although general conventions meet periodically and Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., is headquartered in New York City, all AA groups are essentially local and autonomous. To counteract self-indulgence and promote

Transalpine Gaul

2005-03-23T15:31:00.000-08:00

The Romans first ventured into Transalpine Gaul in 121 BC to subdue the Celtic tribes along the Mediterranean coast. All of Transalpine Gaul was annexed by Julius

Pyrrhotite

2005-03-23T08:14:00.000-08:00

Iron sulfide mineral (Fe1–xS) in the niccolite group; in it, the ratio of iron to sulfur atoms is variable but is usually slightly less than one. It commonly is found with pentlandite and other sulfides in silica-poor igneous rocks, as at Kongsberg, Nor.; Andreas-Berg, Ger.; Trentino, Italy; and Sudbury, Ont. The variety troilite, with a composition near that of iron sulfide (FeS), is

Frederick Ii

2005-03-22T13:25:00.000-08:00

Frederick settled his disputes with the Bohemian followers of Jan Hus, church reformer and condemned heretic, in 1432, and relations were cemented in 1464, when

International Relations, Science and technology in wartime

2005-03-22T05:22:00.000-08:00

Of the many wartime innovations, those in macroeconomics and management techniques were among the most important, for the rapid increase achieved in labour productivity would make possible the economic miracles of many nations after the war as well. U.S. merchant vessels that took 35 weeks to build before the war were being launched in 50 days by 1943. The Soviet Ilyushin

Abe Kobo

2005-03-20T00:03:00.000-08:00

He grew up in Mukden (now Shen-yang), in Manchuria, where his father, a physician, taught at the medical college. The youngster was interested in insect collecting, mathematics, and the writings of Fyodor

Saruhan Dynasty

2005-03-19T08:51:00.000-08:00

The dynasty was founded by Saruhan, a tribal chief and frontier prince in the service of the Seljuqs of Anatolia who traced his descent to the Khwarezm-Shahs of Central Asia; after its conquest of Manisa (1313), the dynasty's principality extended its territories to the Aegean Sea. Surrounded by the Turkmen

San Salvador

2005-03-19T05:27:00.000-08:00

Capital of El Salvador, on the Río Ace Chaute in the Valle de las Hamacas (Valley of the Hammocks) at an altitude of 2,238 ft (682 m). San Salvador Volcano is 7 mi (11 km) west-northwest. Founded near Suchitoto in 1525 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, it was moved 20 mi southwest to its present site in 1528 and was declared a city in 1546. San Salvador served as capital of the colonial province of

China, Decline of the aristocracy

2005-03-18T20:54:00.000-08:00

The late T'ang period saw the beginnings of social changes that did not reach their culmination until the 11th century. The most important of these was the change in the nature of the ruling class. Although from the early T'ang era the examination system had facilitated the recruitment into the higher ranks of the bureaucracy of persons from lesser aristocratic families,

Saturnian Verse

2005-03-18T06:28:00.000-08:00

Also called Saturnian metre the ancient Latin verse used mainly by Livius Andronicus and Gnaeus Naevius before the adoption of Greek verse forms by later Latin writers. Little is known about its origins or whether its rhythm was accentual or quantitative.

Bruant, Libéral

2005-03-16T10:56:00.000-08:00

Libéral Bruant was the most notable of a family that produced a series of architects active in France from the 16th to the 18th century. He was the son of Sébastien and brother of Jacques, who designed the Hall of the Corporation des Drapiers,

Plymouth Porcelain

2005-03-16T10:26:00.000-08:00

Cookworthy found deposits of kaolin (a soft, white clay, also called china clay) and china stone (or petuntse, a partly decomposed

Torrio, Johnny

2005-03-15T22:55:00.000-08:00

Born in a village near Naples, Torrio was brought to New York City by his widowed mother when he was two. He became a brothel-saloonkeeper and leader of the James Street Boys, allying them with the Five Points

Anthony Of Tagrit

2005-03-15T14:54:00.000-08:00

Originally from Tagrit, near Latakia, Syria, Anthony belonged to the part of the Eastern Syriac Church called the Jacobites, which had separated from the authority of the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople in the 6th century.

Earth, Faults

2005-03-14T14:38:00.000-08:00

Faults are fractures along which movement has occurred. They are produced by compression, tension, or shearing of the Earth's crust. Faults can be characterized by the direction of movement along the fault plane. A dip-slip fault is a fracture in which the movement is parallel to the dip (direction of tilt) of the fault plane. A strike-slip is one in which the movement is

Fibroblast

2005-03-13T23:33:00.000-08:00

The principal nonmotile cells of connective tissue; fibroblasts are large, flat, elongated (spindle-shaped) cells possessing processes extending out from the ends of the cell body. The cell nucleus is flat and oval. Fibroblasts produce tropocollagen, which is the forerunner of collagen, and ground substance, an amorphous, gel-like matrix that fills the spaces between

Arctic Regions

2005-03-13T03:42:00.000-08:00

During 1997 U.S. and Canadian oil and gas companies made renewed efforts to proceed with exploration and development in environmentally sensitive areas of arctic Alaska and the northern part of Canada's Yukon. In January BP Exploration Alaska Inc. announced plans to increase capital spending in Alaska by $1 billion to $3.5 billion over the next five years and reverse the fall

Nova Iguaçu

2005-03-12T04:20:00.000-08:00

City and northwestern suburb of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Formerly called Maxambamba, it lies in the Sarapuí River valley, at 85 feet (26 m) above sea level. The city's varied industries include marmalade and orange juice factories, vegetable canneries, and plants manufacturing chemicals and pharmaceutical products. Extensive orange groves

Van Dyck, Sir Anthony

2005-03-11T05:57:00.000-08:00

Van Dyck also spelled Vandyke , Flemish Anthonie Van Dyck , Anthonie also spelled Antonie , or Anton after Rubens, the most prominent Flemish painter of the 17th century. A prolific painter of portraits of European aristocracy, he also executed many works on religious and mythological subjects and was a fine draftsman and etcher. Appointed court painter by Charles I of England in 1632, he was knighted the same year.

Bradford, William

2005-03-10T13:48:00.000-08:00

Bradford learned the printer's trade in London and then immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1682. Settling in Philadelphia, he opened

Peter Martyr, Saint

2005-03-10T01:02:00.000-08:00

Peter's parents were members of the Cathari, and there was some family opposition to Peter's

Paragliding

2005-03-09T14:21:00.000-08:00

The pilot is

Cloos, Hans

2005-03-08T16:32:00.000-08:00

Cloos was a professor at the University of Breslau from 1919 until 1926, when he became professor of geology at the University of Bonn. He studied the structure and development of the continents

Padua

2005-03-08T14:50:00.000-08:00

Italian Padova, Latin Patavium, city, capital of Padova province, Veneto region, northern Italy, on the River Bacchiglione, west of Venice. The Roman Patavium, founded, according to legend, by the Trojan hero Antenor, it was first mentioned in 302 BC, according to the Roman historian Livy, who was born there (59 BC). The town prospered greatly and, in the 11th–13th century, was a leading Italian commune. The poet Dante lived

Min Languages

2005-03-08T09:36:00.000-08:00

Chinese spoken in Fukien sheng (province) and in parts of Kwangtung and Taiwan. The Min languages are divided into Northern Min, with its centre at Foochow, and Southern Min, with its centre at Amoy. Min speakers use a pronunciation (called T'ang Min) for the literary language that differs from the one used in other Chinese languages. The T'ang Min pronunciation of the standard

Media And Publishing, Amateur Radio.

2005-03-07T11:57:00.000-08:00

In 1998 the amateur radio (ham) community in the U.S. was grappling with the most sweeping restructuring of amateur radio licensing since 1989. In July the American Radio Relay League proposed reducing the number of classes of licenses from six to four and streamlining the examinations needed to obtain the licenses. Instead of six license classes, there would be four: technician,

North Ossetia

2005-03-06T08:30:00.000-08:00

North Ossetia is mountainous, with the Glavny (Main) Range reaching 15,682 feet (4,780 m) at Mount Dzhimara and other peaks in the republic reaching more than 14,000 feet (4,250 m). Parallel to the Glavny crest range is a series

Marsh Mallow

2005-03-06T00:49:00.000-08:00

(Althaea officinalis), perennial herbaceous plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to eastern Europe and northern Africa. It has also become established in North America. The plant is usually found in marshy areas, chiefly near the sea. It has strongly veined heart-shaped or oval leaves. The pinkish flowers, borne on stalks about 1.8 m (6 feet) tall, are about 5 cm (2 inches)

La Calprenède, Gaultier De Coste, Seigneur De

2005-03-04T10:20:00.000-08:00

After studying at Toulouse, La Calprenède entered the regiment of the guards and campaigned

Pacific Islands

2005-03-04T06:19:00.000-08:00

Ron Crocombe, The South Pacific (1983); and Frederica M. Bunge and Melinda W. Cooke (eds.), Oceania, a Regional Study, 2nd ed. (1985), provide comprehensive information. Large-scale maps are found in Atlas of the South Pacific, 2nd ed. (1986), published by the New Zealand government. Herold J. Wiens, Atoll Environment and Ecology (1962), explores the physical characteristics of Pacific Islands environments. The classic demographic study is Norma McArthur, Island Populations of the Pacific (1967, reprinted 1983); see also Vern Carroll (ed.), Pacific Atoll Populations (1975). On physical anthropology, see William Howells, The Pacific Islanders (1973). F.R. Fosberg (ed.), Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem (1963); and Douglas L. Oliver, Oceania: The Native Cultures of Australia and the Pacific Islands, 2 vol. (1989), survey aspects of Pacific Islands societies. University of the South Pacific, Institute of Pacific Studies, Pacific Tourism, as Islanders See It (1980), analyzes the impact of tourism. Current writings about the area are found in Pacific Islands Business (monthly, Fiji); Pacific Magazine (bimonthly, Hawaii); and Pacific Islands Monthly (Australia). John Carter (ed.), Pacific Islands Yearbook, 15th ed. (1984), is a detailed reference work on contemporary conditions and events. For further research, see C.R.H. Taylor, A Pacific Bibliography: Printed Matter Relating to the Native Peoples of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, 2nd ed. (1965); and Bibliographie de l'Océanie, published irregularly by the Société des Océanistes in Paris.

Cohenite

2005-03-03T22:12:00.000-08:00

The mineral iron and nickel carbide [(Fe,Ni)3C] that occurs as an accessory constituent of several iron meteorites, of all coarse octahedrites containing 7 percent or less nickel, and of at least one stony meteorite, an enstatite chondrite. Cohenite closely resembles the meteoritic mineral schreibersite, and it may be more common in meteorites than is supposed. When

Anielewicz, Mordecai

2005-03-03T21:26:00.000-08:00

Anielewicz was born into a working-class family and attended a Hebrew academic secondary school. As a boy he joined Betar, a Zionist youth organization that among other things advocated self-defense for Jews. By 1940 he had gone to Warsaw and become

Hancock, Langley George

2005-03-02T05:35:00.000-08:00

Hancock began prospecting while managing his family's sheep station

Louis, Victor

2005-03-02T04:47:00.000-08:00

After at least seven unsuccessful attempts, Louis won the Prix de Rome in 1755. While in Rome (1756–59), he offended the director of the Academy there, Charles Joseph Natoire, and this social misstep resulted in his subsequent exclusion from

Gum

2005-02-28T21:29:00.000-08:00

In botany, adhesive substance of vegetable origin, mostly obtained as exudate from the bark of trees or shrubs belonging to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) of the pea order Fabales. Some plant gums are used in the form of water solutions in the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. When the water evaporates, a film having a considerable adhesive character

Italy, The revolutions of 1848

2005-02-28T01:11:00.000-08:00

The first of the revolutions of 1848 erupted in Palermo on January 9. Starting as a popular insurrection, it soon took on overtones of Sicilian separatism and spread throughout the island. Piecemeal reforms proved inadequate to satisfy the revolutionaries, both noble and bourgeois, who were determined to have a new and more liberal constitution. Ferdinand II of the Kingdom

La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier De Varennes, Et De

2005-02-27T15:07:00.000-08:00

French-Canadian soldier, fur trader, and explorer whose exploits, little honoured during his lifetime, rank him as one of the greatest explorers of the Canadian West. Moreover, the string of trading posts he and his sons built in the course of their search for an overland route to the “western sea” broke the monopoly

Alzon, Emmanuel D'

2005-02-26T22:47:00.000-08:00

D'Alzon studied in Paris, in Montpellier, and in Rome, where he was ordained (1834). He was named canon and vicar-general of Nîmes and retained this position until his death. In 1843 he acquired Assumption College in Nîmes, where he founded (1845) the congregation

Mizo Hills

2005-02-26T02:13:00.000-08:00

Formerly Lushai Hills, mountain range in southeastern Mizoram state, northeastern India, forming part of the north Arakan Yoma system. They rise to about 7,000 feet (2,125 m), and their slopes are covered with thick evergreen forest containing valuable timber and bamboo. In the intermontane valleys, slash-and-burn agriculture and some terrace cultivation are practiced.

Dilleniidae

2005-02-25T06:59:00.000-08:00

Although tricolpate pollen is known from the Barremian and Aptian ages (124 to 113 million years ago) of the Early Cretaceous Period (144 to 97.5 million years ago), the record of those fossils recognized as Dilleniidae goes back no farther than the Cenomanian Age (97.5 to 91 million years ago) of the Late Cretaceous Period (97.5 to 66.4 million years ago). By this time, families in all parts of the subclass

Calendar Of 2003

2005-02-24T16:10:00.000-08:00

Djibouti's ambassador to Ethiopia announces that Djibouti plans to expel more than 100,000 illegal immigrants, which amounts to about 15% of the

Kabbala

2005-02-24T00:50:00.000-08:00

Spain also

Vaida-voevod, Alexandru

2005-02-23T13:02:00.000-08:00

A native of Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, Vaida-Voevod joined a small Romanian nationalist group in the Hungarian Parliament after

Aerospace Industry, General works

2005-02-22T19:03:00.000-08:00

Roger E. Bilstein, Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts, rev. ed. (1994), is a general treatise on the development of aviation and spaceflight for the layperson, and his The American Aerospace Industry: From Workshop to Global Enterprise (1996) provides an account of the development of the American aerospace industry. The best source for historical aerospace data is Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith, The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development (1960). An excellent source on the development of the American aircraft industry to the 1940s is Grover Loening, Takeoff Into Greatness (1968). Charles D. Bright, The Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industry from 1945 to 1972 (1978), details the aerospace industry in the United States after World War II. T.A. Heppenheimer, Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation (1995), traces the ascent of the airline business from the biplane era to modern jetliners, and Countdown: A History of Space Flight (1997) includes excellent coverage on the development of the space industry. Bill Gunston, World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers (1993), provides a brief listing of the world's aircraft manufacturers from the pioneers to the early 1990s. Daniel Todd and Jamie Simpson, The World Aircraft Industry (1986), discusses the state of the aerospace industry by country and technology and provides statistical data in the appendix.

Earth, Magnetic stormsgrowth of the ring current

2005-02-22T14:11:00.000-08:00

The ring current is produced by the drift around the Earth of charged particles of the outer Van Allen radiation belt. During quiet conditions the effect of this current at the Earth's surface is negligible ([sim]20 nanoteslas). Once or twice a month there occurs a phenomenon known as a magnetic storm, during which the intensity of the ring current increases and produces

France, History Of, The continental system

2005-02-22T06:51:00.000-08:00

Britain, however, was insulated from French military power; only an indirect strategy of economic warfare remained possible. Thus far Britain had driven most French merchant shipping from the high seas, and in desperation French merchants sold most of their ships to neutrals, allowing the United States to surpass France in the size of its merchant fleet. But after

Irish Moss

2005-02-20T21:00:00.000-08:00

Also called Carrageen (Chondrus crispus), species of red algae, a small, tufted seaweed with thin fronds from 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) long, that grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coast of the British Isles, Europe, and North America. The name is also used loosely for several other red seaweeds found associated with Chondrus. Other names descriptive of its appearance are pearl moss,

Finland, The postwar period

2005-02-19T10:41:00.000-08:00

After the armistice in 1944 a coalition government was formed under the leadership of Juho Kusti Paasikivi. When conditions had been stabilized, Mannerheim resigned, and Paasikivi was elected president in his place in 1946. In 1956 the leader of the Agrarian Party, Urho Kekkonen, who acted as prime minister a number of times during the period 1950 to 1956, was elected president. He was reelected

Computers, Early history and overviews

2005-02-18T21:32:00.000-08:00

Charles Eames and Ray Eames, A Computer Perspective, ed. by Glen Fleck (1973, reprinted 1990), is a pictorial record of the authors' creation of a computer exhibition for IBM that covered developments from the 1890 U.S. Census up to the stored-program computer, 1890–1950.

Jackson, Howell E.

2005-02-18T19:41:00.000-08:00

Jackson practiced law in the towns of Jackson and Memphis, Tenn., until the outbreak of the American Civil War, during which he served the Confederacy as a receiver of sequestered property. He gained prominence in his practice after the war and in 1880 was

Madox, Thomas

2005-02-17T21:07:00.000-08:00

Madox studied common law (though not called to the bar) and was clerk in the office of the Exchequer, later working in the augmentation

Mies Van Der Rohe, Ludwig

2005-02-16T10:28:00.000-08:00

Ludwig Mies (he added his mother's surname, van der Rohe, when he had established himself as an architect) was the son of a master mason who owned a small stonecutter's shop. Mies helped his father on various construction sites but never received any formal architectural training. At age 15 he was apprenticed to several Aachen architects for whom he sketched outlines of

Rounding

2005-02-16T04:03:00.000-08:00

Unrounding is the opposite of rounding; in unrounded vowels the lips are slack or may be drawn back, as in pronouncing

Rayy Ware

2005-02-15T19:53:00.000-08:00

In Islamic ceramics, style of pottery found at Rayy near Tehran and dating from the 12th century. Particularly characteristic is a fine minai (a kind of enamel) painting. Fine pottery with bold carving, occasional piercing, and translucent glaze is typical, as is a range of matte colours and silhouette decoration.

Nervous System, Human, Hemispheric asymmetry, handedness, and cerebral dominance

2005-02-14T20:32:00.000-08:00

Evidence from a number

Adab

2005-02-13T14:35:00.000-08:00

Modern Bismayah ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur (modern Niffer or Nuffar), Iraq. Excavations (1903–04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as the prehistoric period and as late as the reign of Ur-Nammu (reigned 2112–2095 BC). Adab was an important Sumerian centre only up to about 2000. The Sumerian king list ascribed to the city one

Lenard, Philipp

2005-02-12T17:26:00.000-08:00

After working as a lecturer and as an assistant to Heinrich

Giocondo, Fra Giovanni

2005-02-11T14:23:00.000-08:00

A learned Franciscan, Fra Giocondo is said to have received an extensive humanistic education. He made an important collection of classical inscriptions and was noted by

Egypt, The Eastern Desert

2005-02-11T01:18:00.000-08:00

The Eastern Desert comprises almost one-fourth of the land surface of Egypt and covers an area of about 85,690 square miles. The northern tier is a limestone plateau, consisting of rolling hills, stretching from the Mediterranean coastal plain to a point roughly opposite Qina on the Nile. Near Qina, the plateau breaks up into cliffs about 1,600 feet high and is deeply scored by wadis,

Marquette, Jacques

2005-02-11T01:13:00.000-08:00

Marquette arrived in Quebec in 1666. After a study of Indian languages, he assisted in founding a mission at Sault Ste. Marie (now in Michigan) in 1668, and another at St. Ignace (now in Michigan) in 1671. In mid-May

Aerospace Industry, Between the wars

2005-02-09T07:13:00.000-08:00

The world's aircraft industry fell into sharp decline following the Armistice. Within days most contracts were canceled. The wartime-oriented industry was overcapitalized, overstocked with raw materials, overorganized, and overmanned for peacetime needs. In Europe, national governments realized that maintaining a strong air force in case of war required an

Paraguay

2005-02-09T03:45:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of Paraguay , Spanish República del Paraguay country in south-central South America. A landlocked country, it is bordered by Bolivia to the northwest and north, Brazil to the northeast and east, and Argentina to the southeast, south, and west. It has a total area of 157,048 square miles (406,752 square kilometres). The national capital is Asunción, which is located on the east bank of the Paraguay River opposite the mouth of its primary

Biblical Literature, Ezekielthe man and his message

2005-02-08T10:59:00.000-08:00

The man who wrote this book—at least the main body of the work—was undoubtedly one of the leaders of Jerusalem because he was among the first group of exiles to go into captivity—those who were forced to leave their homeland about 597 BCE in a deportation to Babylon on the orders of the conquering king Nebuchadrezzar. Belonging to the priestly class, perhaps of the line of Zadok,

Nashville Convention

2005-02-08T07:36:00.000-08:00

(1850), two-session meeting of proslavery Southerners in the United States. John C. Calhoun initiated the drive for a meeting when he urged Mississippi to call for a convention. The resulting Mississippi Convention on Oct. 1, 1849, issued a call to all slave-holding states to send delegates to Nashville, Tenn., in order to form a united front against what was viewed as Northern

Blood Brotherhood

2005-02-07T00:15:00.000-08:00

Special alliance or tie that binds persons together in a fashion analogous to, but distinct from, kinship ties. The relationship derives its name from the ritual commingling of the blood of the participants. The nature of the alliance thus formed typically enjoins the members to mutual support, loyalty, or affection. When practiced between groups, blood brotherhood

Cumanagoto

2005-02-06T21:56:00.000-08:00

Indians of northeastern Venezuela at the time of the Spanish conquest. Since the 17th century they have not existed as a tribal or cultural unit. The Cumanagoto spoke a Cariban language, related to that of the Palenque. They were agricultural, growing corn (maize), manioc, sweet potatoes, and other native crops, as well as coca trees, source of the drug cocaine. Wild foods were

Farah

2005-02-06T07:47:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Farrah , or Ferah town, southwestern Afghanistan, on the Farah River. Usually identified with the ancient town of Phrada, it was once a centre of agriculture and commerce until destroyed by the Mongols in 1221; it later revived but was sacked in 1837 by the Persians. The building of the Kandahar-Herat road through Farah in the 1930s and of a bridge over the river (1958) restored some of the town's former importance.

Ramenskoye

2005-02-05T23:52:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ramenskoje , or Ramenskoe city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (province), western Russia. It lies southeast of the city of Moscow. In the 1820s Ramenskoye became the site of one of Russia's first cotton factories and soon developed as an industrial village. Incorporated in 1926, the city is now a textile and engineering centre as well as a residential suburb of Moscow. It has a medical school and

Colling, Robert; And Colling, Charles

2005-02-05T01:28:00.000-08:00

After visiting Robert Bakewell, the outstanding livestock breeder, at Dishley, Leicestershire, Charles began in 1782 a program of improving the quality of cattle in the Tees River valley. His brother, who occupied another farm in the district,

Penal Laws

2005-02-04T00:44:00.000-08:00

Laws passed against Roman Catholics in Britain and Ireland after the Reformation that penalized the practice of the Roman Catholic religion and imposed civil disabilities on Catholics. Various acts passed in the 16th and 17th centuries prescribed fines and imprisonment for participation in Catholic worship and severe penalties, including death, for Catholic

Wali Allah, Shah

2005-02-03T13:04:00.000-08:00

Wali Allah received a traditional Islamic education from his father and is said to have memorized the Qur'an at the age of seven. In 1732 he made a pilgrimage to Mecca, and he then remained in the Hejaz (now in Saudi Arabia) to

Mauchline

2005-02-02T18:26:00.000-08:00

Village, situated near the River Ayr in East Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, Scotland, and closely associated with the Scottish national poet, Robert Burns. It is the site of the Burns National Memorial. Mauchline has many links with the poet, who lived with his brother Gilbert at nearby Mossgiel from 1784 to 1788. In Castle Street stands a house, now a museum,

Marche

2005-02-02T14:17:00.000-08:00

In ancient times the country was part of Limousin, from which it was detached in the middle of the 10th century to form a separate frontier countship (march) to protect Poitou and the rest of the duchy of

Crime And Punishment, Incapacitation

2005-02-02T11:18:00.000-08:00

Incapacitation is an object of punishment that has been known since early times. The idea is simply that the offender should be dealt with in a manner that will make it impossible for him to repeat his offense—by execution or banishment in earlier times, in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration. This is the only objective of punishment

Mare

2005-02-01T07:38:00.000-08:00

Plural Maria, any flat, dark plain of lower elevation on the Moon. The term, which in Latin means “sea,” was erroneously applied to such a feature of the lunar surface by telescopic observers of the 17th century. In actuality, maria are huge lava flows marked by ridges, graben, rilles, and faults and are devoid of any water. There are 14 surficial areas of this type, and all of them occur on the side

Chanel, Gabrielle

2005-01-31T22:29:00.000-08:00

Byname Coco French dress designer who ruled over Parisian haute couture for almost six decades. Her elegantly casual designs inspired women of fashion to abandon complicated, uncomfortable clothes and to adopt her now-classic innovations—i.e., jersey dresses and suits, bell-bottom trousers, bobbed hair, trench coats, turtleneck sweaters, costume jewelry,

Tyumen

2005-01-31T10:21:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Tiumen, or T'umen ', city and administrative centre of Tyumen oblast (province), central Russia. The city lies in the southwestern part of the West Siberian Plain. It is situated on both banks of the Tura River at its crossing by the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Founded in 1586, it is the oldest Russian city in Siberia, located on the site of a Tatar town, Chingi-Tura, founded in the 14th century. A river port,

Fuller's Earth

2005-01-30T02:13:00.000-08:00

Any fine-grained, naturally occurring earthy substance that has a substantial ability to adsorb impurities or colouring bodies from fats, grease, or oils. Its name originated with the textile industry, in which textile workers (or fullers) cleaned raw wool by kneading it in a mixture of water and fine earth that adsorbed oil, dirt, and other contaminants from the

Intel Corporation

2005-01-29T08:27:00.000-08:00

The company was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon

Tallien, Jean-lambert

2005-01-28T23:14:00.000-08:00

His political career began when, after taking part in the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, he became secretary of the Paris Commune and was elected to the National Convention, in which he sided with the more radical Montagnards against

Kogaku

2005-01-28T22:10:00.000-08:00

(Japanese: “Ancient Learning”), one of three schools of Neo-Confucian studies that developed in Japan during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867). See Neo-Confucianism.

J.p. Morgan Chase & Co.

2005-01-27T09:17:00.000-08:00

The Morgan branch of the corporation traces its history to J.P. Morgan and Company, Inc. (established 1895), and Guaranty Trust Company of New York (1864), which merged in 1959. The bank was renamed Morgan Guaranty

Thompson, Edward Herbert

2005-01-26T19:12:00.000-08:00

Though lacking formal training in archaeology, Thompson was an enthusiastic antiquarian. In 1879 he published a paper suggesting that Mayan civilization may have originated

Axelrod, Julius

2005-01-25T11:26:00.000-08:00

American biochemist and pharmacologist who, along with the British biophysicist Sir Bernard Katz and the Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1970. Axelrod's contribution was his identification of an enzyme that degrades chemical neurotransmitters within the nervous system after they are

Ashgabat

2005-01-24T18:01:00.000-08:00

Formerly Ashkhabad, Ashkabad, Askhabad, or (1919–27) Poltoratsk, city and capital of Turkmenistan. It lies in an oasis at the northern foot of the Kopet-Dag (Turkmen: Köpetdag) Range and on the edge of the Karakum (Turkmen: Garagum) Desert, about 19 miles (30 km) from the Iranian frontier. It was founded in 1881 as a Russian military fort and took the name of the nearby Turkmen settlement of Askhabad. It became the administrative centre of the Transcaspian

Intelligence

2005-01-24T17:35:00.000-08:00

Military intelligence is as old as warfare itself. Even in biblical times, Moses sent spies to live with the Canaanites in order to learn about their ways and about their strengths and weaknesses. In the American Revolution George

Daudet, Alphonse

2005-01-24T17:19:00.000-08:00

French short-story writer and novelist, now remembered chiefly as the author of sentimental tales of provincial life in the south of France.

Ukemochi No Kami

2005-01-23T10:03:00.000-08:00

According to the legend recounted in the Nihon shoki (“Chronicles of

Aids

2005-01-22T17:12:00.000-08:00

Byname of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV slowly attacks and destroys the immune system, the body's defense against infection, leaving an individual vulnerable to a variety of other infections and certain malignancies that eventually cause death. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, during which time

Tasmania, Government and politics

2005-01-21T17:35:00.000-08:00

The state parliament comprises a House of Assembly and a Legislative Council, the latter by tradition a largely nonparty house. The system of elections for the House of Assembly is proportional representation by the single transferable vote; the system for the Legislative Council is the preferential system, with an obligation to record preferences, used for

Arts, Central Asian, Turkish literature

2005-01-21T09:42:00.000-08:00

The purely Turkish period in the history of Turkish literatures came before the conversion of the Turks to Islam and covers approximately the 8th to the 11th centuries AD. The oldest literary legacy of the period is found in the Orhon inscriptions, found in the Orhon valley, northern Mongolia, in 1889 and deciphered in 1893 by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen. The inscriptions

Daimlerchrysler Ag

2005-01-21T01:42:00.000-08:00

The origins of Chrysler Corporation lie in Maxwell Motor Company, Inc. (first formed in 1913). The first Maxwell car was made in 1904 by Jonathan Maxwell and Benjamin Briscoe, who in 1909 joined the short-lived United States Motor Company. With the collapse of this combine in 1913, Maxwell continued on alone until the postwar recession, when Walter P. Chrysler was brought in to revitalize

Kirkland, Joseph

2005-01-20T17:26:00.000-08:00

Kirkland, who readily acknowledged his indebtedness to the English realist Thomas Hardy, was also affected by his own personal experiences as a publisher's clerk, railroad auditor, soldier, coal-mine operator,

France, History Of, Charles Martel

2005-01-20T11:43:00.000-08:00

The situation was rectified by Pepin's illegitimate son, Charles Martel. Defeating the Neustrians at Amblève (716), Vincy (717), and Soissons (719), he made himself master of northern Francia. He then re-established Frankish authority in southern Gaul, where the local authorities could not cope with the Islamic threat; he stopped the Muslims near Poitiers (Battle of Tours; 732) and used this

BitterBulb

Estate Agent Covent Garden

Buddhism, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity

Cambridge

Korfball

Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways

Torbernite

Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways

Transalpine Gaul

Pyrrhotite

Frederick Ii

International Relations, Science and technology in wartime

Abe Kobo

Saruhan Dynasty

San Salvador

China, Decline of the aristocracy

Saturnian Verse

Bruant, Libéral

Plymouth Porcelain

Torrio, Johnny

Anthony Of Tagrit

Earth, Faults

Fibroblast

Arctic Regions

Nova Iguaçu

Van Dyck, Sir Anthony

Bradford, William

Peter Martyr, Saint

Paragliding

Cloos, Hans

Padua

Min Languages

Media And Publishing, Amateur Radio.

North Ossetia

Marsh Mallow

La Calprenède, Gaultier De Coste, Seigneur De

Pacific Islands

Cohenite

Anielewicz, Mordecai

Hancock, Langley George

Louis, Victor

Gum

Italy, The revolutions of 1848

La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier De Varennes, Et De

Alzon, Emmanuel D'

Mizo Hills

Dilleniidae

Calendar Of 2003

Kabbala

Vaida-voevod, Alexandru

Aerospace Industry, General works

Earth, Magnetic stormsgrowth of the ring current

France, History Of, The continental system

Irish Moss

Finland, The postwar period

Computers, Early history and overviews

Jackson, Howell E.

Madox, Thomas

Mies Van Der Rohe, Ludwig

Rounding

Rayy Ware

Nervous System, Human, Hemispheric asymmetry, handedness, and cerebral dominance

Adab

Lenard, Philipp

Giocondo, Fra Giovanni

Egypt, The Eastern Desert

Marquette, Jacques

Aerospace Industry, Between the wars

Paraguay

Biblical Literature, Ezekielthe man and his message

Nashville Convention

Blood Brotherhood

Cumanagoto

Farah

Ramenskoye

Colling, Robert; And Colling, Charles

Penal Laws

Wali Allah, Shah

Mauchline

Marche

Earth, Magnetic stormsgrowth of the ring current

Biblical Literature, Ezekielthe man and his message